Physics Laboratory II

1. Verify network theorems experimentally.
2. Calibrate a thermistor and determine its energy gap.
3. Construct and characterize power supplies and filters.
4. Utilize operational amplifiers in various circuit configurations.
5. Analyze spectral data using spectrometers.
6. Investigate interference and polarization phenomena.
7. Measure Cp/Cv using acoustic methods.

13 weeks, about 63 hours in total. Yours will differ.

1. Week 1Module 1: A Study of Network Theorems

   • Unit 1: Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem · 3 hours

     Read the introduction and objectives of Experiment 1.. Study the theoretical background on network theorems.. Familiarize yourself with the apparatus and precautions.. Perform the experiment to verify the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.. Analyze the results and plot the graph between load resistance and power transferred..

   • Unit 2: Application of Superposition Theorem · 2 hours

     Set up the circuit for Superposition Theorem.. Measure the current in the circuit with individual and combined voltage sources.. Compare the experimental and calculated values to verify the theorem..

2. Week 2Module 1: A Study of Network Theorems

   • Unit 3: Verification of the Reciprocity Theorem · 2 hours

     Set up the circuit for Reciprocity Theorem.. Measure the current with interchanged voltage sources.. Compare the voltage-current ratios to verify the theorem..

   • Unit 4: Application of Thevenin's Theorem · 3 hours

     Set up the circuit for Thevenin's Theorem.. Measure the current through the load resistor.. Construct the Thevenin's equivalent circuit and measure the current again.. Compare the currents in the original and equivalent circuits..

3. Week 3Module 2: Calibration of A Thermistor And Determination of Its Energy Gap

   • Unit 1: Calibration of thermistor · 3 hours

     Read the introduction and objectives of Experiment 2.. Study the material on thermistors and energy gap.. Familiarize yourself with the apparatus and precautions.. Set up the Wheatstone bridge circuit.. Measure the resistance of the thermistor at room temperature..

   • Unit 2: Calibration of A Thermistor And Determination of Its Energy Gap · 2 hours

     Calibrate the thermistor using a thermocouple in a water bath.. Record the voltage across the thermocouple and the corresponding thermistor resistance.. Plot the graph between temperature and resistance..

4. Week 4Module 2: Calibration of A Thermistor And Determination of Its Energy Gap

   • Unit 3: Determination of Its Energy Gap · 3 hours

     Calculate the band gap energy of the thermistor material.. Find the reciprocal of temperature and log10R.. Plot the graph between 1/T and log10R.. Calculate the slope of the line and determine the energy gap..

5. Week 5Module 3: Construction and Characterisation of Power Supplies & Filters

   • Unit 1: Construction and Charaterisation of Power Supplies & Filters · 3 hours

     Read the introduction and objectives of Experiment 3.. Study the material on power supplies and filters.. Familiarize yourself with the apparatus and precautions.. Construct a half-wave rectifier and observe the output waveform on a CRO.. Measure the AC and DC voltages and calculate the ripple factor..

   • Unit 2: Half Wave Rectifier · 2 hours

     Construct a full-wave rectifier and observe the output waveform on a CRO.. Measure the AC and DC voltages and calculate the ripple factor.. Study the effect of capacitor input filter on the output voltage.. Calculate the ripple factor and record the output waveform with and without the filter..

6. Week 6Module 3: Construction and Characterisation of Power Supplies & Filters

   • Unit 3: Full Wave Rectifier Capacitor Input Filter Inductor Filter LC and PI Filters · 5 hours

     Study the effect of inductor filter on the output voltage.. Calculate the ripple factor and record the output waveform with and without the filter.. Study the LC and PI filters and compare the ripple factor in these two filters.. Observe the output waveform on a CRO and analyze the results..

7. Week 7Module 4: Study of OPAMP as Summing and Inverting Amplifier

   • Unit 1: Study of OPAMP as Summing and Inverting Amplifier · 3 hours

     Read the introduction and objectives of Experiment 4.. Study the material on OPAMP as summing and inverting amplifier.. Familiarize yourself with the apparatus and precautions.. Construct an inverting amplifier using OPAMP 741.. Find the gain of the amplifier for different combinations of feedback resistances..

   • Unit 2: Study of OPAMP as Summing and Inverting Amplifier · 2 hours

     Investigate the summing operation of an OPAMP.. Measure the input and output voltages for different resistor combinations.. Calculate the gain and compare with the theoretical values..

8. Week 8Module 5: Study OF OPAMP AS Differentiator AND Integrator

   • Unit 1: Study OF OPAMP AS Differentiator AND Integrator · 3 hours

     Read the introduction and objectives of Experiment 5.. Study the material on OPAMP as differentiator and integrator.. Familiarize yourself with the apparatus and precautions.. Construct an integrator circuit using OPAMP 741.. Integrate sine and square waves and observe the output on a CRO..

   • Unit 2: Study OF OPAMP AS Differentiator AND Integrator · 2 hours

     Differentiate sine and square waves using OPAMP 741.. Observe the output on a CRO and compare with the input.. Analyze the results and record your findings..

9. Week 9Module 6: Detection and Measurement of Charge Using an OPAMP

   • Unit 1: Detection and Measurement of Charge Using an OPAMP · 3 hours

     Read the introduction and objectives of Experiment 6.. Study the material on detection and measurement of charge using an OPAMP.. Familiarize yourself with the apparatus and precautions.. Null the offset of the integrator.. Calibrate the circuit by discharging a known quantity of charge..

   • Unit 2: Detection and Measurement of Charge Using an OPAMP · 2 hours

     Measure the charge sensitivity of the circuit.. Determine the capacitance of an unknown capacitor.. Measure the magnetic flux density using a search coil..

10. Week 10Module 7: Study of Some Properties of Lenses

    • Unit 1: Study of Some Properties of Lenses · 3 hours

      Read the introduction and objectives of Experiment 7.. Study the material on properties of lenses.. Familiarize yourself with the apparatus and precautions.. Determine the focal length of a convex lens by the image coincidence method.. Calculate the average focal length and estimate the error..

    • Unit 2: Study of Some Properties of Lenses · 2 hours

      Determine the focal length of a convex lens by the u-v method.. Calculate the focal length and note the characteristics of the image.. Determine the focal length of a convex lens by the graphical method.. Draw the u-v graph and 1/u vs 1/v graph..

11. Week 11Module 7: Study of Some Properties of Lenses

    • Unit 3: Study of Some Properties of Lenses · 5 hours

      Determine the focal length of a convex lens by the distant object method.. Calculate the average focal length and estimate the error.. Study the relationship between lens focal length, lens diameter, and brightness of an image.. Determine the focal length of a concave lens using a convex lens of known focal length..

12. Week 12Module 8: Spectral Analysis Using a Prism Spectrometer

    • Unit 1: Spectral Analysis Using a Prism Spectrometer · 3 hours

      Read the introduction and objectives of Experiment 8.. Study the material on spectral analysis using a prism spectrometer.. Familiarize yourself with the apparatus and precautions.. Adjust the spectrometer and collimator.. Adjust the prism table and measure the angle of the prism..

    • Unit 2: Spectral Analysis Using a Prism Spectrometer · 2 hours

      Measure the angles of minimum deviation for various colors of light.. Observe and interpret the solar spectrum.. Calculate the refractive indices of the material of the prism for different wavelengths..

13. Week 13Module 9: Interference of Light – Young's Experiment

    • Unit 1: Interference of Light – Young's Experiment · 5 hours

      Read the introduction and objectives of Experiment 9.. Study the material on interference of light and Young's experiment.. Familiarize yourself with the apparatus and precautions.. Set up Young's double-slit experiment.. Measure the wavelength of the monochromatic source..