Organic and Physical (Practical Manual)

1. Prepare and analyze organic compounds such as esters and acetone.
2. Perform qualitative analysis to identify elements in organic compounds.
3. Measure pH and understand its significance in chemical reactions.
4. Determine molar mass using colligative properties.
5. Apply the ideal gas law to calculate gas volumes and constants.

13 weeks, about 28 hours in total. Yours will differ.

1. Week 1Module 1: Section1 Organic Chemistry

   • Unit 1: Preparation of Esters · 2 hours

     Review the introduction to ester preparation and safety precautions.. Mix appropriate acid and alcohol with sulfuric acid catalyst.. Heat the mixture in a water bath and observe the aroma..

2. Week 2Module 1: Section1 Organic Chemistry

   • Unit 2: Preparation of Acetone from 2-propanol · 2 hours

     Mix 2-propanol with distilled water and cool in an ice bath.. Add acidic dichromate solution and stir.. Distill the mixture and collect acetone in a receiver.. Measure the volume of acetone obtained..

3. Week 3Module 1: Section1 Organic Chemistry

   • Unit 3: Oxidation of Ethanol to Ethanal using CuO · 2 hours

     Heat Cu wire in an open fire until it becomes black (CuO).. Add ethanol to the test tube and place the test tube on the stand.. Take 0.5 ml of your product and add to equal volume of Fehling's reagent and record your observation..

4. Week 4Module 1: Section1 Organic Chemistry

   • Unit 4: Vinegar Analysis · 2 hours

     Measure vinegar into a volumetric flask and dilute with de-ionized water.. Titrate the diluted vinegar solution with standardized sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein indicator.. Record initial and final burette volumes and repeat the titration for multiple trials.. Perform calculations to determine the percent by weight of acetic acid in vinegar..

5. Week 5Module 1: Section1 Organic Chemistry

   • Unit 5: Paper Chromatography · 2 hours

     Set up paper chromatography apparatus.. Spot amino acids (alanine, leucine, lysine, valine) and unknown sample on chromatography paper.. Develop the chromatogram in a solvent mixture.. Spray the paper with ninhydrin and heat to visualize the spots.. Calculate the Rf values for each amino acid and identify the unknown sample..

6. Week 6Module 1: Section1 Organic Chemistry

   • Unit 6: Dehydration of Alcohols (Dehydration of Cyclohexanol) · 2 hours

     Set up a simple distillation apparatus.. Mix cyclohexanol with concentrated sulfuric or phosphoric acid in a round bottom flask.. Heat the flask gently and distill the product.. Separate the organic layer and dry it with anhydrous calcium chloride.. Perform Baeyer test and bromination test to confirm the presence of alkene..

7. Week 7Module 1: Section1 Organic Chemistry

   • Unit 7: Qualitative analysis for elements (for reference only) · 2 hours

     Perform Lassaigne's sodium fusion test to detect nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens in organic compounds.. Follow the procedure to convert elements into ionic forms.. Conduct group classification tests for compounds containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.. Observe and infer the presence of elements based on the reactions..

8. Week 8Module 2: Section 2 Physical Chemistry

   • Unit 1: Ph Measurements · 2 hours

     Use pH paper or a pH meter to measure the pH of various solutions.. Dip pH paper into solutions and compare the color with the color chart.. Record the approximate pH value of each solution.. Use a pH meter to measure the pH of solutions and record the values..

9. Week 9Module 2: Section 2 Physical Chemistry

   • Unit 2: Determination of Relative Molar Mass from Colligative Properties · 2 hours

     Set up a hot water bath and determine the mass of an empty test tube.. Fill the test tube with para-dichlorobenzene and determine the mass again.. Clamp the test tube in the hot water bath and melt the para-dichlorobenzene.. Remove the tube from the water bath and record the temperature every 30 seconds while stirring.. Graph the results and record the melting point of pure para-dichlorobenzene..

10. Week 10Module 2: Section 2 Physical Chemistry

    • Unit 3: Temperature Measurements and Heat of Dissolution · 2 hours

      Measure the temperature of water in a beaker using a thermometer.. Place the beaker on a hot plate and measure the boiling point of water.. Prepare an ice-water mixture and measure its temperature.. Add table salt to the ice slush and measure the temperature of the mixture..

11. Week 11Module 2: Section 2 Physical Chemistry

    • Unit 4: Heat of Neutralization · 2 hours

      Prepare 5N HCl and NaOH solutions and thermostat them at room temperature.. Titrate NaOH against HCl using phenolphthalein as a pH indicator to determine V1 (HCl).. Place NaOH in a calorimeter and record the temperature at steady state.. Introduce HCl quickly and record the temperature.. Weigh the calorimeter with its contents..

12. Week 12Module 2: Section 2 Physical Chemistry

    • Unit 5: Ideal Gas Law: Measuring the Molar Volume of a Gas and the Universal Gas Constant · 2 hours

      Measure the length of magnesium ribbon using a ruler or vernier caliper.. Wind copper wire around the magnesium ribbon and insert it into a rubber stopper.. Pour hydrochloric acid into a graduated cylinder and carefully add water to float on top.. Insert the stopper with the magnesium ribbon and invert the cylinder into a beaker of water.. Wait for the magnesium to dissolve and record the volume of hydrogen evolved..

13. Week 13Module 2: Section 2 Physical Chemistry

    • Final Revision · 4 hours

      Review all practical experiments and calculations.. Practice solving problems related to organic and physical chemistry.. Prepare for practical assessments and examinations..