General Biochemisty II

1. Explain the structure, properties, and functions of carbohydrates.
2. Describe the classification and properties of lipids.
3. Discuss the components and properties of membranes.
4. Explain the structure and function of nucleic acids.
5. Differentiate between DNA and RNA.
6. Apply biochemical principles to understand biological processes.

13 weeks, about 30 hours in total. Yours will differ.

1. Week 1Module 1: Carbohydrates

   • Unit 1: Carbohydrates: physical properties and functions. · 2 hours

     Define carbohydrates and their classification.. Describe the physical properties of carbohydrates.. Explain the functional roles of carbohydrates in living systems.. Understand the stereochemistry of carbohydrates..

2. Week 2Module 1: Carbohydrates

   • Unit 2: Monosaccharides · 2 hours

     Draw the structure of glucose.. Describe the perspective and projection formula of glucose.. Explain the Fisher and Haworth projection of glucose.. Differentiate between aldose and ketose monosaccharides..

3. Week 3Module 1: Carbohydrates

   • Unit 3: Structure and Properties of Other Monosaccharides · 2 hours

     Describe the structure of monosaccharides with 3 and 4 carbon atoms.. Draw the structure of monosaccharides with more than 5 carbon atoms.. List and explain the properties of monosaccharides, including mutarotation and reducing property..

4. Week 4Module 1: Carbohydrates

   • Unit 4: Disaccharides · 2 hours

     Understand the chemistry of disaccharides and glycosidic bonds.. Identify and describe different types of disaccharides: maltose, lactose, sucrose, and trehalose.. Draw the structure of different types of disaccharides..

5. Week 5Module 1: Carbohydrates

   • Unit 5: Oligosaccharides · 2 hours

     Understand the chemistry of oligosaccharides and glycosidic linkages.. Describe the different types of oligosaccharides: trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides, and pentasaccharides.. Explain the functions of oligosaccharides in cell recognition and cell adhesion..

6. Week 6Module 1: Carbohydrates

   • Unit 6: Polysaccharides · 2 hours

     Classify polysaccharides into homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides.. Describe the chemical composition of each type of polysaccharide: cellulose, starch, pectin, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin.. Draw the structure of polysaccharides..

7. Week 7Module 2: Lipids

   • Unit 1: Chemistry of Lipids · 2 hours

     Understand the building blocks of lipids (fatty acids).. Describe the various types of fatty acids: saturated, unsaturated, essential, and non-essential.. Understand the structure and nomenclature of fatty acids.. Explain the physical and chemical properties of fatty acids..

8. Week 8Module 2: Lipids

   • Unit 2: Classification of Lipids · 2 hours

     Describe the various classes of lipids: acylglycerols, phosphoacylglycerols, sphingolipids, waxes, steroids, and terpenes.. Draw the structures of lipids of various classes.. Differentiate between saponifiable and non-saponifiable lipids..

9. Week 9Module 2: Lipids

   • Unit 3: Properties & Method of Analysis of Lipids · 2 hours

     Explain the various functions performed by lipids in biological systems.. Understand how to extract and analyze lipids qualitatively and quantitatively.. Describe the solubility test, translucent spot test, emulsification test, and saponification test..

10. Week 10Module 2: Lipids

    • Unit 4: Lipoproteins lipoproteins · 2 hours

      Understand what lipoproteins are and their chemical composition.. List the chemical composition of different types/classes of lipoproteins: HDL, LDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons.. Explain the functions of lipoproteins in lipid transport..

11. Week 11Module 2: Lipids

    • Unit 5: Membranes and membrane · 2 hours

      Explain the chemical composition of membranes: lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.. Draw the structure of biological membranes: fluid mosaic model.. List the properties of biological membranes: fluidity, asymmetry, and selective permeability.. Describe the functions of biological membranes: transport, signaling, and protection..

12. Week 12Module 3: Nucleic Acids

    • Unit 1: Chemistry of nucleosides · 2 hours

      Define nucleosides and their components: nitrogenous bases and pentose sugars.. Describe the different components that are present in nucleosides.. Draw the structure of different types of nucleosides: adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, thymidine, and uridine..

    • Unit 2: Chemistry of nucleotides · 2 hours

      Describe what a nucleotide is and its components: nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group.. Draw the structures of different nucleotide types: AMP, ADP, ATP, GMP, GDP, GTP, CMP, CDP, CTP, TMP, TDP, TTP, UMP, UDP, and UTP.. List four roles and functions of nucleotides: energy currency, coenzymes, metabolic regulation, and source of electrons..

13. Week 13Module 3: Nucleic Acids

    • Unit 3: Chemistry of nucleic acids · 2 hours

      Define nucleic acids and their basic constituents: nucleotides.. Know the basic constituents of nucleic acids: nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups.. Name nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.. Describe the characteristics of nucleic acids: linkage, component, denaturation, UV absorption, and size..

    • Unit 4: Structure of nucleic acids · 2 hours

      Describe the structure of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.. Draw the structure of DNA: double helix, base pairing, and phosphodiester bonds.. Describe the structure of RNA: single-stranded, hairpin loops, and secondary structures.. Explain the structure and properties of different types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA..